Sources of English Law

Sources of face Law By Christopher Richards 9/11/09 Executive compact In this report I will be discussing the English Legal System, its structure and its primary sources. English uprightness and its legal structure forms the basis of many a nonher(prenominal) countries park grunge truth legal system, this includes most vernacularwealth countries and the United States. English law f whollys into 2 huge categories Civil law derived from Roman law, it is applied when wrongs fork out been made against individuals it is also know as a claim or an action.Criminal law premier instrumented go aftering the Norman Conquest of 1066, Its offences relate to wrongs against plaza and, or persons which affects the whole community, it is often referred to as prosecution.. I will explain why the methods and tools of statutory rendering be necessary for the correct implement of economys and how juridical president formed the backb nonp beil of English common law. Introduction The Engl ish legal system stems from The Norman Conquest, William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and upon successfully defeating his adversary he gained the pennon of England.William formed the fist basic government The Kings Council(Magnum Concilium) comprised of Lords, Bishops, Barons and other trusted figures Whos advice which the monarch butterfly relied on. Introduced the separation of lay administrations and church motor inns with a rachis jurisdiction tethering to church law i. e. clergy were seek in in that location own butterflys. As the Monarch William owned all of England with lords, bishops and barons possessing land as tenants or sub tenants, this prompt the introduction of Feudalism of land tenure and legal activity. Common law would be established by Judges discussing conduct and behaviour through with(predicate)out the land, still at this point no legislation was ever indite down. Further changes arise, these includes the advancement of Case law alignting fountain through facts of standardised slips that become already been get backd so that it can be judged equally, additionally the hierarchy of fertilization precedents and court structure. Statutory Interpretation Some statutes have a vague or mis black marketing terminology or invents many with homonyms which can make the process of implementing the correct ruling a difficult maven,A few beas to look at ar a Broad term (words that are social occasiond to teetotum many possibilities), Ambiguity (were the word has two or more meanings and its non defining in which one should be utilise), a drafting error (an error that was made when drafting the bill or when it was amended), mod developments (developments in technology means that old acts may not cover leave day situations) and routine of language( words that have changed in meaning over time), this is why statutory interpretation as a tool is so important, it allows fix to look at statutes and deduce the true re asoning behind it, in that respect are three methods which are utilise to do this.Literal Rule This is the most commonly used construction and takes precedent over the following controls it means to take words written into the statute literally in the virtuoso that if the words are clear then they should be applied. The literal feels had been scrutinised by many lawyers, and said to be a rule against using intelligence in understanding language. Anyone who in frequent life interpreted words literally, being indifferent to what the speaker or writer meant would be regarded as a pedant, a mischief-maker or an idiot.An example of this is in the Hotel Proprietors act 1956, it provides that the hotel proprietor is nonimmune for loss of or damage to guests property, but does not extend to guest fomites or property left(p) at that placein , so does the proprietor fall liable to property left on, rather than inside the vehicle ? Interpreted literally yes, the proprietor is liable, because if the act had intended to exclude property left on a vehicle the act would have said therein or thereon so great cautiousness must be applied when using this rule. The Golden RuleThe golden rule is very frequently a modification to the literal rule, whereas instead of taking the literal meaning the courts will use a narrow or a wide approach of interpreting the word to avoid an absurd result. If the define approach is applied it would usually be because the word themselves lead to an absurd result for example if there is a sign that say do not use lifts in subject area of a release interpreted literally it would mean to never use lifts, in shield of a shoot which would lead to an absurd result but clearly it is to prevent people from using the lifts if there is a fire nearby.The wide approach is were the word has only one meaning but the meaning could result in a repugnant situation, the wider golden rule would be applied to modify the words in the statute to avoid an un clear result this is shown in the vitrine Re Sigsworth (1935) A son had murdered his fuss then committed suicide, The mother had not made a will and under the Administration of rightness act 1925 the son would been entitled to her inheritance, the end had to be made weather her inheritance was to passed onto the mothers family or her son, there is no ambiguity of the act so due to the circumstances the judge used to golden rule to favour the mothers family rather than the son benefiting from his crime. this rule is favoured by Lord Wensleydale in the case of Grey vs.Pearson (1857) he provinced In construing statutes, and all written instruments, the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless that would lead to or so absurdity or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument, in which case the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words may be modified, so as to avoid that absurdity or inconsistency, but not farther. The Mischief rule This thi rd rule gives a judge more discretion than all the literal or the golden rule. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the statute was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the statute was intended to cover. The court is then unavoidable to interpret the statute in such(prenominal) a way to ensure that the gap is covered. The rule is shown inHeydons Case (1584), where it was said that for the true interpretation of a statute, four things have to be considered 1. What was the common law before the making of the doing. 2. What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. 3. What remedy Parliament hath dogged and appointed to cure the disease of the Commonwealth. 4. The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of the Judges is to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy. An example of the mischief rule in use is found in the case of Corkery v Carpenter (1951). In 1951 Shane Corkery was sentenced to one months imprisonment for being intoxicated in charge of a motorcycle in public.The defendant was drunk and was pushing his pedal bicycle along Broad Street in Ilfracombe. He was charged under section 12 of the Licensing Act 1872 with being drunk in charge of a carriage. The 1872 Act made no reference to bicycles. The court elected to use the mischief rule to decide the matter. The purpose of the Act was to prevent people from using any form of transport on a public highway whilst in a state of intoxication. The bicycle was a form of transport and therefore the user was correctly charged. Purposive approach This rule exceeds the mischief rule by not just looking for gaps in statutes but for settle to decide what parliament actually meant to achieve.One of the true supporters of this rule is Lord Denning, his attitude towards this rule is shown in the case of Magor and St Mellons v Newport Corporation (1950) We sit here to find out the design of parliament and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment than by opening it up to destructive analysis This approach does have its drawbacks and many a judge has voiced its shortcomings saying that, should judges refuse to follow the clear words of parliament and how do they know what parliaments intentions were? Summary Statutory interpretation as tool is paramount, without it, statutes that were written 100 years ago just wouldnt be able to be implemented unless statutory interpretation was used. It allows judges and Lords the flexibility to look into statutes and decide whether it is still unclouded to implement, to break down statues and to interpret how they were original intended, additional if bills have been written wrong the judge can use statutory interpretation to avoid absurd results and not make a mockery of the English Legal System. Rules of LanguageEiusdum generis (of the same kind) In addition to the rules above, the courts also rely on rules of language to assist in statutory interpretation. Firstly, eiusdum generis Latin for of the same kind, used to interpret loosely written statutes. The general words are to be taken as referring only to those things of the same class as specifically mentioned e. g. cats and dogs does not include wild animals. There must be at least two specific words in a list before the general word or phrase for this rule to operate. (the phrase theatre or other place of public entertainment includes a carnival even though it was not of the same kind as theatres).Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the mention of one thing excludes others) This is when one or more things of a particular class are mentioned but others may be wordlessly excluded this can be seen in the case of Tempest v Kilner (1846) the court had to decide whether stock and shares were alter by the statutes of fraud 1677(which states that the contract of goods, wares and merchandise of the value of ? 10 or more must be evidenced in writing) but it was deemed that list of goods, ware and merchandise was not followed by general words(stocks and shares) and were not affected by the statute. Noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it keeps)This rule of language used by the courts helps interpret legislation, under which the questionable meaning of a doubtful word can be derived from it association with other words. This can be seen in the case Foster v Diphwys Casson (1887), this involved a statute which stated that explosives taken into a mine must be in a case or canister. Here the defendant used a cloth bag. The courts had to consider whether a cloth bag was within the definition. Under noscitur a socials, it was held that the bag could not have been within the statutory definition, because parliaments intention was referring to a case or container of the same strength as a canister. Intrinsic Aids are things inside the act which assist the judge to interpret or apply the law.Ex trinsic Aids are things outside the act which assist the judges to apply or interpret he law. For example the judges can look at foregoing acts of Parliament and the historical setting. Judicial precedent A judicial precedent is a decision of the court used as a source for in store(predicate) decision making. This is known as stare decisis (stand upon decisions) and by which precedents are binding and must be followed. When new cases are brought to court for the first instance and there are no previous cases to base the judgement, this is called Original president. natural covering precedent is where past judgements of a similar set of facts are implemented to help courts to keep cases fair by deciding the outcome based upon previous cases.The common law has been developed by go through down from precedent to precedent. In giving judgement a judge will state the law, set out the facts and then provide a decision , it is only the ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning for judicial decision)which is binding in later courts. Orbiter dicta (other things said) may be put forward in future cases but it is not binding, the difficulty is the separation of the two from past judgement as they are not usually listed separately. Judicial precedent is an important source of English law as an original precedent is one which creates and applies a new rule. However, the later decisions, especially of the higher courts, can have a estimate of effects upon precedents.In particular, they may be Reversed where on appeal in the same case the decision is reversed, the initial decision will not continue to have any effect Overruled In a later case a higher court decides that the outcome of the first case was wrong. baronial where an in front case is rejected, either because the material facts differ or because the statement of law in the previous case is too narrow to be properly applied to the new set of facts A refusal to follow this arises where a court, not demarcatio n line by the decision, cannot overrule it but does not wish to follow it so it simply refuses to follow the earlier decision Explained a judge may seek to interpret an earlier decision before applying it, so the effect of the earlier case is varied in the circumstances of the present case. motor lodge hierarchy and structureIn England and Wales there is a strict hierarchy of the court system, each court is bound by a decision made by a superior court in its hierarchy and appellate courts (courts that bring out appeals) are generally bound by its own decision. Courts of first instance Is where the original case was heard, The ECJ, preindication of Lords, court of appeal and divisional courts do not hear any original cases as they only hear cases of appeal. European Court of Justice The ECJ is the highest court in the English Legal system European law will be decided in this court and will be binding on the rest of the courts within its structure although some laws are unaffect ed by ECJ and the House of Lords is supreme. One important feature of the ECJ is that it can overrule its own past decisions if deemed necessary. House of LordsIs not bound by its own decisions and is the most senior national court, its decision bind all courts lower in its hierarchy. Court of appeal Is subsequently split into two divisions, civil and criminal, both are bound by superior courts (House of Lords and ECJ) generally they will follow past decisions of their own but some flexibility (more so criminal division) is accepted. Divisional court Decisions are bound by the ECJ, House of Lords and court of appeal and are also usually bound by its own decisions although some flexibility similar to that of the Court of appeal can be used. High court Decisions are always bound by courts higher than them but none below.All other courts below the High Court are bound by higher courts and will not set president in subsequent cases. pic Unknown author. The Court Structure of Her Majesty s Courts Service online Available at http//www. hmcourts-service. gov. uk/aboutus/structure/index. htm accessed 16/11/09 Use of Practice program line Introduced in 1966, practice statements allowed the House of Lords to change a law and deviate from following earlier cases if they have been considered to have been wrongly decided. There is very little guidance when implementing therefore many judges have been reluctant to use it. The first instance of its use was in the Herrington v British Railways Board(1972) this involved the law of their duty and care owed to a child trespasser.In an earlier case Addie v Dumbreak (1929) the lords had decided that the land occupier is only responsible for the duty of care to injuries of child trespassers if the injuries were deliberate or reckless. In the herrington case the lords had decided that social and physical conditions had changed since 1929 and so should the law. Summary Judicial precedent is a crucial atom in English law, it has form ed the backbone of common law by passing rulings from president to president, binding or none binding and has given Judges and lords the power to keep every case fair through binding president and in the eventuality of changes (social circumstances, politics, technology) it can use it to adapt and move with the multiplication accordingly. European Court of Justice